Abstract ▼

The main purpose of the paper is to critically analyze the manifestation of the Silk Road discourse in Japanese foreign policy behavior on both diplomatic and practical levels. That will be done through usage of the content method analyses and approaches which stem from critical geopolitics and geoeconomic thoughts. Proposed methodological framework and theoretical approach have been chosen with an aim to attest the general hypothesis of the paper, which is: Japan uses the Silk Road discourse as a tool to improve its geopolitical and geoeconomic position and interconnectivity in the Central Asian region. The first part of the paper will tackle the meaning of discourse as a social construction and its interlacement with strategic moves of foreign policy. This part of the paper will be helpful to understand the reasons why the Silk Road as a social construction and diplomatic discourse possesses enormous importance to Japanese geopolitical and geoeconomic strategies towards the Central Asian region. The second part of the paper will analyze the development of diplomatic relations between Japan and the Central Asian states since the collapse of the Soviet Union, with a focus on multilateral diplomatic initiatives that Japan has triggered and still pursues in the Central Asian space. The third part of the paper will be dedicated to the analyses of infrastructural projects that Japan has implemented in Central Asia. In the Japanese case, those projects express the conditionality between geopolitics and geoeconomy.

Abstract ▼

American countries after Brexit from the standpoint of the profound and tight interconnection of this aspect of equality with normative heterosexuality. Also, the paper offers an explanation for the long-ago introduced hegemonic masculinity which not only led to the formation of society and a state but also contributed to the emergence of capitalism in the period of conquest and colonisation of the future Latin American countries. Capitalism contributed to the creation of capital-based complex and diverse relationships which enabled the processes of national and subregional integration to unfold due to the (unwritten) law of hegemonic masculinity. The work of some international organisations, particularly those dealing with economic issues, tacitly relies on the law of hegemonic masculinity. Unlike legal and political sciences in which the gender equality has found its place, the economy still indicates that relationships among individuals within society and a state continue to depend on hegemonic masculinity. It means that economic understanding of gender equality is linked with gender inequality that features old binary relations of publicprivate, superiority-subordination and productive-reproductive between men and women. Such relations are also characteristic of the Latin American countries.

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This paper deals with problems arising from a deficiency of an effective mechanism dedicated to alternative resolution of disputes regarding cultural heritage. Firstly, it analyses relevant international cultural heritage conventions and dispute resolution procedures contained therein. Secondly, it examines the alternative dispute resolution methods often used in this area, and finally, it presents contemporary proposals in this regard and suggests the establishment of a new, specialised arbitral tribunal.

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The present work deals with the institution of reservation, as established in the Vienna Convention of the Law of Treaties of 1969, and its application to human rights treaties. To this end, an analysis of the general aspects of reservations according to general international law is made to demonstrate how its application to regional rights treaties, fundamentally by the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and the InterAmerican Court of Human Rights, entails their own criteria and reconceptualizations that have become signs of the phenomenon identified as the fragmentation of International Law across institutional and substantive dimensions. However, the article also expresses doctrinal positions and practices that defend elements of complementarity between the system of general international law and the subsystem of human rights in relation to reservations, so that the application of the general regime of reservations to this type of treaties takes into account their characteristics with regard to their object and purpose.